Jazz In The Cold War - Free Essay Example

In 1945, the United States emerged from World War 2 as a global power, contemporaneously with forty countries liberating themselves of colonialism. It was the intention of the United States for these newly developing nations to side with the West and Capitalist ideals, not the Soviet Union and its Communism.â€Å"In 1956 the State Department was persuaded that jazz was an important tool in achieving this diplomatic objective,† (Monson 111). As U.S. cultural diplomacy was establishing its primacy, the Soviet Union was quick to bring attention to the hypocrisy behind the racial inequality in America. The U.S. responded with a daring propaganda action by strategically promoting jazz music and showcasing multiracial bands in order to positively accentuate American culture. â€Å"The State Department hoped that showcasing popular American music around the globe would not only introduce audiences to American culture, but also win them over as ideological allies in the cold war,† (Perrigo). The Jazz Ambassadors and the cultural exchange programs of the nineteen-fifties and sixties were integral in relieving tension in the Cold War and preventing major conflict. â€Å"Jazz was born and grew up in the United States and nowhere else. As a European composer remarked to me: ‘Jazz is one of Americas best-loved artistic exports,’† (Stearns 31). After the Thirteenth Amendment was passed and the Industrial Revolution took place, freedmen fled to cities to find well-paying work. These men brought their music, which consisted of Work Songs and Field Hollars, which were call and response tunes meant to keep steady time so the workers wouldn’t fall behind. These songs were mostly consisting of pentatonic or Blues scales, which was essential in the creation of Jazz. These workers also brought their music from West Africa; freedmen from the Ewe tribe in modern-day Ghana or the Yaruba tribe in modern-day Nigeria imported African rhythms like the Abakwa that are still found in most jazz played today. These African concepts were introduced to the European instruments and chords already in America, which eventually led to Dixieland Jazz, Second Line, and marching bands in the early twentieth century. As a port city at the mouth of the Mississippi River, New Orleans was an inclusive city and a breeding ground for cultures. Jazz is a culmination of the musical concepts from West Africa and Europe shaped by slavery and American culture in New Orleans. The Bureau of International Educational and Cultural Affairs’ Mission is to â€Å"increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries by means of educational and cultural exchange that assist in the development of peaceful relations,† (History and Mission of ECA). In August 1954, President Eisenhower asked Congress to approve a President’s Emergency Fund in order to establish a cultural exchange program capable of portraying the good nature of the cultural values of free enterprise. In response, The Bureau of International Educational and Cultural Affairs of the Department of State designated the American National Theatre and Academy or ANTA as agent for administering the program casually referred to as the State Department tours. 2.5 million was rewarded towards cultural presentations and ANTA set up advisory panels in music, dance, and drama. They selected groups to represent the United States and perform inte rnationally. In the early nineteen-fifties, State Department-funded Voice of America played Jazz music to neutral, newly-independent countries in order to culturally educate them. The Jazz stations had become exceptionally popular overseas drawing a large jazz-loving audience all over the world.† One example was titled â€Å"Music U.S.A. Jazz Hour† in which Jazz expert Willis Conover hosted six nights a week for forty years. â€Å"In 1962, a New York Times article lauded Conover’s radio show for putting jazz on the map and successfully spreading American values all over the world better than broadcasting service had done to date,† (Gould 147). Adam Clayton Powell Jr., a U.S. congressman from 1945 to 1971 with close ties to the jazz community, urged the Bureau of International Educational and Cultural Affairs to include jazz in its cultural diplomacy programs. In acknowledgment, the music advisory panel approached Marshall Stearns, a musicologist, the founder of The Institute of Jazz Studies, and a consultant to the United States State Department, to negotiate with major jazz musicians. Louis Armstrong, Dizzy Gillespie, Duke Ellington , Count Basie, and Stan Kenton were considered and on Nov 24, 1955, Adam Clayton Powell Jr. announced the State Department’s intention to send Dizzy Gillespie and his Band abroad on goodwill tours; it would be the first jazz group sent abroad under ANTA’s International Exchange Program. Broadcasted on CBS to the nation, Powell introduces Dizzy: â€Å"Instead of talking about a cold war, we can call it a ‘cool war’ from now on,† (Monson 113). Dizzy adds: â€Å"‘The weapon that we will use is the cool line,’ and then blew a few for the delighted CBS newsreel crew,† (Monson 114). Marshall W. Stearns accompanied Dizzy Gillespie and his band as an artistic adviser, bandboy, and lecturer on jazz on their tour, which covered eight Middle Eastern and Balkan countries and lasted from approximately the middle of March to the middle of May. During their stay in each new city, Dizzy and Marshall were treated like heroes; their music was received with wild enthusiasm and sold out venues. In Istanbul, a beautiful woman who turned out to be one of the country’s most famous ballerinas sold her dancing slippers to attend Dizzy’s concerts. The Dean of the Conservatory of music in Ankara originally rejected the group’s request to give a lecture to his students. Subsequently, he listens to one of Dizzy’s concerts then begs for him to lecture at his Conservatory exclaiming that this American Jazz was extraordinary. Jazz in America was different from anywhere else in the world and was extremely decorative to American culture. Jazz gave off the impression of cheerful, informal, and generous side of American life. In Athens, Dizzy arrived just after rioting and the stoning of the United States Information Services building in Greece. In Greece at the time, â€Å"the anti-American feeling was real and intense,† (Stearns 30). Gillespie ended up playing for a group of university students; â€Å"they were the people, we were told, who had hurled the rocks,† (Stearns 30). The concert was a huge success and the same group of university students loved it: â€Å"with a solid wall of applause, They chanted ‘Dizzy, Dizzy, Dizzy’ over and over again. After the concert, they carried Gillespie home on their shoulders. Traffic was stalled for a half hour and several blocks. Even the traffic cops danced in the streets. It was like a Greek Mardi Gras: GREEK STUDENTS LAY DOWN ROCKS AND ROLL WITH DIZ ran the headlines,† (Stearns 30). Micheal Stearns Speaks in his article he wrote about his experience with Dizzy: â€Å"People said to me, ‘We are sick to death of propaganda about democracy—we want deeds and people, not words and theories. We are convinced that you have many bathtubs, skyscrapers, and automobiles, but we have real doubts about your culture. Send us true examples,’† (Stearns 31). Jazz is the true example of American culture, American musicians like Dizzy traversed Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America spreading their love and musical prowess, but also tagging along, with authority, was illustrious American customs and society. â€Å"The concrete example of one good jazzband may communicate more of the sincerity, joy, and vigor of the American way of life than several other American creations inspired by Europe,† (Stearns 31). Another Jazz musician that carried the American flag through uncharted land was Dave Brubeck, whose performances were the first of any American jazz band behind the iron curtain. Audiences in the late nineteen fifties were used to more formal, Soviet-approved culture like ballet and opera. This was because, after the Soviet takeover and World War Two, Jazz was forbidden despite early jazz thriving in Poland in the nineteen-thirties. This regulation was broken by Brubeck’s tour. At his concerts, Brubeck spoke to the people, inspiring them with his music and transforming that into admiration for the United States: â€Å"No dictatorship can tolerate jazz,† â€Å"It is the first sign of a return to freedom,† (Perrigo). It was the State Department’s intention to influence Satellites of the Soviet Union and lead them away from the grasp of Communism: â€Å"The Brubeck Quartet’s 12 performances in Poland were some of the first in a long tour that would ne ver stray far from the perimeter of the Soviet Union,† (Perrigo). The alliance between the State Department and Jazz musicians from the United States allowed American music to influence strategic locations that were not profitable enough for the Jazz musicians to reach on their own. â€Å"By sending bands comprised of black and white musicians to play together around the world, the State Department could engineer an image of racial harmony to offset the bad press about racism at home,† (Perrigo). This was the significance of the State Department Tours as a whole; the State Department engineered an image of prosperous and free American life that was implanted into the minds of the â€Å"Reds.†

Explain the Characteristics of the Different Types of...

Education system in England is divided into three stages: Pre-compulsory, compulsory and post-compulsory. Compulsory education is broken down into 4 phases known as ‘key stages’. All teaching during the key stages is based on the National Curriculum; however schools in the independent sector may choose whether or not to follow this. (Tutorial, Laser Learning Ltd 2010, 17/01/2012, http://stonebridge.laserlearning.org/TCC_Template_1.aspx?ur=100429ln=TDA32-1.1) Also, full-time education is compulsory for all children aged between 5 and 16. Key Stage 1 is for 5 – 7 year olds; Key Stage 2 is for children aged 7-11; 11 -14 year olds are taught at Key Stage 3; and finally Key Stage 4 is for 14 – 16 year olds. (Tutorial, Laser Learning Ltd†¦show more content†¦Since 1998, there have been four maintained school in England: †¢ Community schools (formerly county schools), in which the local authority employs the schools staff, owns the schools lands and buildings, and has primary responsibility for admission †¢ Voluntary controlled schools, which are almost always church schools, with the lands and buildings often owned by a charitable foundation. However, the local authority employs the schools staff and has primary responsibility for admissions. †¢ Voluntary aided schools, linked to a variety of organizations. They can be faith schools (often the Church of England or the Roman Catholic Church), or non-denominational schools, such as those linked to London Livery Companies. The charitable foundation contributes towards the capital costs of the school, and appoints a majority of the school governors. The governing body employs the staff and has primary responsibility for admissions. †¢ Foundation schools, in which the governing body employs the staff and has primary responsibility for admissions. School land and buildings are owned by the governing body or by a charitable foundation. The Foundation appoints a minority of governors. Many of these schools were formerly grant maintained schools. In 2005 the Labor government proposed allowing all schools to become Foundation schools if theyShow MoreRelated1.2 Explain the Characteristics of the Different Types of Schools in Relation to Educational Stage(S) and School Governance.627 Words   |  3 Pageseducation. 1.2 Explain the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance. Community schools are run and owned by the Local Authority, which may support the school through the local community and also by providing a support service. They will determine the admission policy, also, they will develop the use of school facilities by local groups for example. -Adult education. - Childcare classes. Foundation and trust schools are mostlyRead MoreTda 3.2 Schools as Organisations 1.2 Explain the Characteristics of the Different Types of Schools in Relation to Educational Stage(S) School Governance.746 Words   |  3 Pages1.2 Explain the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) school governance. There are four types of mainstream schools that have to adhere to the national curriculum and are funded by the LEA (Local Education Authority). These are: Community schools. Are run by the local authority, which employs the staff and owns the building and/or the land and also decide on the admissions criteria. They promote strong links with the local community and mayRead MoreSchools as Organisations 3.2 Essay916 Words   |  4 PagesTDA 3.2 SCHOOLS AS ORGANISATIONS SUMMARISE ENTITLEMENT AND PROVISION FOR EARLY YEARS EDUCATION All three and four year olds are  entitled to  15 hours of  free early year’s education for 38 weeks of the  year. Parents have the right to request a flexible working pattern if  they have a child  aged  under six or a disabled child under 18. This free education may take place in Ofsted registered premises, this may be named as an Early Years Unit these are often attached to a school, alternativelyRead MoreCompulsory Education For All Children1639 Words   |  7 Pagesages in schools. A school might be described as a form of social organisation called an institution. An institution can be described as a structure for social order that attempts to govern the behaviour of a set of individual people in a community. 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TDA 3.2-1.1 Summarise entitlement and provision for early year’s education. Thanks to the Every Child Matters and the Childcare Act 2006 all 3 and 4 years olds in England receive free part-time (12  ½ per week) for 38 weeks a year. This is government funded and the idea is for all children to have 2 years of free education before they even start school. Early year’s provision for these very young children varies greatly from the education they willRead MoreParental Participation Improves Student Learning1762 Words   |  8 Pagescommunities who take an active role in creating a caring educational environment. Epstein says that parents who are involved with their child(ren)’s education are those who do 6 things - demonstrate good parenting skills, communicate with the school, volunteer in their child(ren)’s school, engage in the learning process at home, takes an active role in the school decision making process, and who collaborates with the school and the school based community. 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Meanwhile, others argue that cross-national variations such as culture, economic stage of development, institutions workers, beh avioral mindset still exist and constitutes diversity withinRead MoreTDA 3.2 organisation in schools Essay3183 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿ Level 3 Task Book for Specialist Support for Teaching and Learning in schools Mandatory Units Learner Name: The tasks have been re-written with boxes after each section for you to fill in if that would suit your learning style. Some learners find this helpful. You don’t have to work this way. You can present your tasks in other formats if you wish as long as it demonstrates evidence of the knowledge and understanding. NB: Please ensure that you refer

National Statement of Ethical Conduct Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write Ethics Essay on the National Statment of Ethical Conduct in Human Research 2007. Answer: The research which involves human participants raises several unique and complex ethical, legal and social issues. It is important that the research is performed by abiding by certain research ethics and principles to maintain the integrity of the research. It is also important to maintain an ethical approach in determining the research design and while conducting the research (Wiles, 2012). The research ethics refers to the process wherein the people analyze the ethical issues involved when humans are involved as the participants of the research. There are certain basic principles which can increase the integrity of the research. In the recent years, a large number of legislations have been made which protects the rights of the human participants (Long, T., Johnson, 2007). In Australia, National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research has been developed which provides the guidelines for ethical in research practices. The National Statement is based on the National Health and Medical Research Council Act and it is updated every five years. According to the guidelines, the human participants should be respected, provide justice and beneficence. The National Statement of the ethical conduct states that the in certain research approaches, wherein the researcher requires human participants, the research ethic should be followed. It includes the research designs of th e interview and the survey. The researcher should assure to protect the privacy and the confidentiality of the research participant (NHRMC, 2016). They should also make sure to protect the confidential information provided by the research participants. In the present case, the research will require the human participants in the survey procedure. Therefore, the researcher needs to examine that consent is obtained from all the research participants. The researcher should also examine the risks and the benefits in the research process and make the research participants aware of the research process. It is also important for the researcher to adopt fair procedures for the selection of the research participants (Israel Hay, 2006). Ethical Procedures for Research Project In the research processes, there are certain ethical issues. However, the researcher can adopt a number of practices to increase the integrity of the research process. The research ethics revolve around three basic principles of respect for the persons, beneficence and justice. The researcher can adopt variety of methods to abide by these research ethic principles. In this regard, the universities and the educational institutions also take several initiatives (Iltis, 2006). For instance, in most of the countries, an institutional review board is formed which approves, monitors and reviews the abidance to ethical principles in the research. In addition to it, the researcher can also follow other strategies such as consent form, confidentiality and plain language statement. The participants should be provided with a consent form so that they can review and consent to the research process. The main purpose of the consent form is to obtain the permission regarding their involvement with the research process (Loue, 2007). The consent is either obtained from the research participants or from their parents or care giver if their age is below 18 years. The signed consent form should be stored securely by the researcher. Along with the consent form, the research participants should be provided with the information sheet which describes the aim of the research and the nature of the involvement of the research participants. The participants should be aware of their rights and the risks associated with the research. The researcher must be aware of the dignity and the personal privacy of the research participants and respect it (Kruger, Ndebele Horn, 2014). The researcher should also make aware the research participants that the participation in the research is voluntary and they can withdraw anytime without prejudice or negative consequences. Confidentiality and privacy of the research participants is also an integral part of the research ethics. The privacy and the confidentiality of the research participants is based on two principles which are respect for individuals and beneficence. According to the respect of the persons, the individuals should be treated as autonomous agents who can exercise their autonomy to the fullest extent. It means that the persons have the right to privacy and right to keep their private information confidential (Cottrell McKenzie, 2011). Similarly, beneficence is another principal which posits that maintaining the privacy and confidentiality of the research participants assists them in protecting from potential harms such as embarrassment, distress, social harms and criminal or civil liability. The privacy and the confidentiality are different from each other. Privacy refers to the sense of being in control of the access that others have over have to the personal lives of the people. The co nfidentiality refers to the value associated with the secure treatment of information and assurance that it will not be revealed to others without appropriate permission (Bryman Bell, 2015). In order to increase the authenticity of the research, it is important that the researcher form plain language statements for conducting survey. The interview or the survey questionnaire should be formed such that the language is simple and easy to understand. If the questions will not be easy to understand than the research participants will not be able to answer the questions correctly which will degrade the value of the research. The questionnaire will have the questions in the simplest form so that the research participants will be able to answer the questions correctly (Comstock, 2013). Identification of Ethical Issues for Research questions The research ethics refers to the process of the application of the research ethics on variety of subjects. There are several ethical issues in the research design of research involving human or animal experimentation. Moreover, there are certain instances of scientific misconduct which can impact on the integrity of research. It includes fabrication of data, whistleblowing and plagiarism. Several times, the research questions or research proposals also breach the principles of research ethics. The research design and the research questions should be developed so that research ethics should be followed. Several times, the research enquiry needs experimentation on human and animal subjects. The researcher has to be considerate to protect the privacy and the confidentiality of the research subjects. The researcher should also assure that no research practice should result in harm to the research participants. It is also essential that the researcher provides the information as accurate ly as possible. There should be no manipulation in the research data; moreover, the researcher should also practice to keep the personal viewpoints and bias separate from the research. The academic research is built on the foundation of trust. The researchers trust that the information and results produced by the co-researchers is genuine and sound (Stewart, 2011). The society also believes that the results of the research are presented without bias and with accuracy. However, the transmission of trust can only be achieved if the research community abide by the ethical principles. In the proposed research proposal, the research questions are aimed to investigate new information with the help of survey. It includes human participants in the research process. Therefore, according to the University guidelines, the researcher should get the approval of the University. In the thesis and research projects, there should be two methods for ethical review. Low risk review and full review of the ethical principles implemented in the research. The low risk projects are ones wherein the research project has low risk of physical, psychological hem or any other potential side effects. In this case, the participants should be provided full informed consent and the right to choose anonymity during the research project. The low risk research methods include online survey. The research proposals involving low risk methods are reviewed by the ethics committee and then sent for full review (Oliver, 2010). In health care research methods, the researcher has to give special consideration to the research ethics. The researcher should not disclose the personal information, previous disease history and other sensitive information to other people during the research. It is also important that the researcher respects the choice of the research participants. The research process is completely voluntary and every participant has the right to withdraw from it at any time. The researcher should always respect the decision of the research participants. References Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015). Business Research Methods. Oxford University Press. Comstock, G. (2013). Research Ethics: A Philosophical Guide to the Responsible Conduct of Research. Cambridge University Press. Cottrell, R., McKenzie, J.F. (2011). Health Promotion Education Research Methods: Using the Five Chapter Thesis/ Dissertation Model. Jones Bartlett Learning. Iltis, A.S. (2006). Research Ethics. London: Routledge. Israel, M., Hay, I. (2006). Research Ethics for Social Scientists. Pine Forge Press. Kruger, M., Ndebele, P., Horn, L. (2014). Research Ethics in Africa: A Resource for Research Ethics Committees. AFRICAN SUN MeDIA. Long, T., Johnson, M. (2007). Research Ethics in the Real World: Issues and Solutions for Health and Social Care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Loue, S. (2007). Textbook of Research Ethics: Theory and Practice. Springer Science Business Media. NHRMC. (2016). National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007) - Updated May 2015. Retrieved from https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/e72 Oliver, P. (2010). The Student's Guide to Research Ethics. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Stewart, C.N. (2011). Research Ethics for Scientists: A Companion for Students. John Wiley Sons. Wiles, R. (2012). What are Qualitative Research Ethics? AC Black.

Legal Aspect of Health Care Essay Example

Legal Aspect of Health Care Essay The main goal is always to provide the best healthcare possible to a patient given the physical state they are in. There weren’t any expectations of miracles or extraordinary risk to bear but thankfulness to the doctor for doing his very best. Even if the result was death, the thoughts were that the doctor did all he could by making the patient better and for most, the goal was always to prevent demise. Our time’s have changed so has the preponderance of this paternalistic belief regarding the decision made concerning a persons care. Has a deterioration of trust in the provider tighten the reigns of control and switched the power to the hands of the consumer? Whatever the underlying cause may be, there has been an enormous shift in legislation since the days of old where its modifications are now holding physicians to an elevated level of responsibility when it comes to the degree of communication anticipated by the modern patient. This â€Å"general principle of law† that charges the physician with the obligation of divulging the risks linked to a recommended sequence of care will enable the patient to take consideration of their own welfare when choosing to undergo treatment, selecting a substitution or foregoing care and is known as Informed Consent (Dabbagh, 1999). To put it simply, informed consent allows the patient to be trained in the details of their condition, purpose of treatment, dangers and alternatives to come to a more knowledgeable resolution. There are four elements of informed consent that signify sufficient admonition: †¢Adequate disclosure of information. Patient’s comprehension of information. †¢Patient’s freedom of choice. †¢Patient’s capacity for decision making (Ascension Health, 2007). The following are also some elements that a plaintiff must make evident in a court of law to prove liability of informed consent. †¢Failure to adequately in form. †¢If adequately informed, patient would not consent. †¢Adverse consequences occurred. †¢Plaintiff suffered injuries. An evaluation of the case study involving Mrs. Sparza, as the circumstances apply to these four components of informed consent, will build a greater understanding and relevance for legal action. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Aspect of Health Care specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Aspect of Health Care specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Aspect of Health Care specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mrs. Sparza seemed to have every thing in order as she and her son reviewed and signed her admissions paperwork on the day of her surgery, but things started to unravel quickly as she was being prepared and taken into the operating room. A key piece of information to point out is that Mrs. Sparza had prepared legal documentation, known as the Durable Power of Attorney for Healthcare, designating her son and daughter as the medical decision makers if she became incapacitated. After receiving muscle relaxants prior to surgery, Mrs. Sparza was presented with a Surgical consent form which she was not able to understand because she did not speak English, could not comprehend under the influence of medication and was altered from the original parameters of surgery by including both eyes. In these facts lie the perpetrations of the first element to adequately disclose this new information before her capacity for decision was greatly disrupted. The doctor’s efforts to bring in an interpreter did not change the fact that her brain functions were altered due to the effects of the muscle relaxant, therefore it would have been illegal to ask her to make a decision based on he binding Durable Power of Attorney for Healthcare. Benak and Applegate supports that Mrs. Sparza’s distorted mental state took away her legal authority to give consent and immediately transferred this liability to her son and daughter (Journal for Forensic Nursing, 2006). Her initial refusal of the procedure reveals that if she were ade quately informed there is a possibility she would not have consented to surgery on both eyes consequently establishing one of the four elements against the physician for failure to obey the statutes of informed consent. In the article Grandmother’s Plea, the author states that the provider could have consulted the hospitals ethics committee in determining the competency of a patient in making a decision for or against treatment if he was unsure (Salladay, 2000). Instead, it is believed that Dr. Pinnette coaxed Mrs. Sparza into making the decision to proceed with the surgery. After the operation was completed and Mrs. Sparza was in an inpatient status, she had a heart attack, lost the use of her kidneys and went into a coma. The addition of these three adverse outcomes along with all the improper acts committed thus far, confirm the third element that could be central in convicting Dr. Pinnette of medical malpractice. In the introduction of the case study, Mrs. Sparza made a declaration that life support be terminated and no heroic efforts be taken in the event she succumbs to a coma. During the notification of the children, the physician was duty-bound to consult them as agents to Mrs. Sparza before placing her on dialysis. In the Journal of Medical Ethics it is stated that medical treatment allowed without consent is unlawful and could cause the defendant to be prosecuted for battery or a civil action for damages (Ferguson, 1997). When Dr. Lox refused to terminate life support he willfully disobeyed Mrs. Sparza’s end of life wishes and the decision made by her agents which implicated him for legal pursuit as well. The nurse’s compliance with the family’s request for comfort medicine in the form of morphine is legal given the order is validated through the physician. According to the position statement provided by the Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association, the rule of double effect as it pertains to comfort medicines states: †¢The act must be good or morally neutral regardless of its consequence. †¢The clinician must intend to relieve pain although death may be foreseen but not intended. †¢The view must not be that the patient needs to die to relieve pain. †¢The benefit of achieving pain relief outweighs the risk of hastening death (Ersek et al, 2003). Contrary to this rule, Mrs. Esparza’s nurse administered the lethal dose to ease pain and expedite death which is a direct defiance of the purpose of comfort medicine and could cause him/her to be implicated in the suit. It is apparent in the large scale insolence of medical judgment that each guilty party connected was thoroughly unaware of their limits and the rights of the patient set forth by law. It is also probable that the physicians and nurse involved fully understood their roles but wished to disregard those boundaries which can result in the surrender of their practices and the degradation of their current lifestyles. Nonetheless, it is certain that the penalty each person faces will never prevail over the basic human right to have a choice. References: 1. Ascension Health (2007). Healthcare Ethics: Principles of Informed Consent. Retrieved on January 18, 2010 from http://www. ascensionhealth. org/ethics/public/key_principles/informed_consent. asp. 2. Benak, L. D. and Applegate, S. (2006). Informed Consent and Issues Surrounding Lack of Capacity vs. Incompetence. Journal of Forensic Nursing 2 (1), pg. 48. Retrieved on 17 Aug 2009, from Proquest. 3. Dabbagh, N. (1999). Informed Consent Case Study. Retrieved on January 18, 2010 from http://itdev. gmu. edu/projects/ollbook/GallBladderUn/history3. htm. 4. Ersek, M. et al (2003). Providing Opioids at the End of Life. Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association. Retrieved on January 18, 2010 from http://www. hpna. org/filemaintenance_view. aspx? ID=27. 5. Ferguson, P. (December 1997). Causing death or allowing to die? Developments in the law. Journal of Medical Ethics 23 (6), 368. Retrieved on 17 Aug 2009, from Proquest. 6. Salladay, S. A. (August 2000). Grandmothers plea. Nursi ng 30 (8), 66. Retrieved on 17 Aug 2009, from Proquest.

How does Plaths use of extended metaphors and other literary features effect the readers response to her poetry Essays

How does Plaths use of extended metaphors and other literary features effect the readers response to her poetry Essays How does Plaths use of extended metaphors and other literary features effect the readers response to her poetry Paper How does Plaths use of extended metaphors and other literary features effect the readers response to her poetry Paper Essay Topic: Extended Poetry In this essay I will describe the literary techniques and the use of language used by Sylvia Plath in three of her poems Tulips, Mushrooms and Mirror. These poems are all extended metaphors for vanity and self-image, the stress of everyday life and the family and a metaphor for strength without violence. This technique of extended metaphors is a common literary tradition also used by other poets such as John Donne in The Flea and Emily Dickinson in Funeral and Daffodils. Tulips is a calm peaceful poem written by Plath representing her experience when she was in hospital having an appendectomy operation. The overall message of the poem is that she prefers life in the hospital to her life as it allows her to shed her responsibility, it is peaceful and calm and it gives her security. Her family give her a bunch of tulips, which represent the outside world, which she despises. These tulips are used as an extended metaphor the strains of family life and the grief that it causes her. Emily Dickinson also uses this technique in the poem Daffodils, where spring is an extended metaphor for growth, life, vitality and vigour, which she despises. In Tulips Plath describes two experiences; the effect that the hospital has on her and the effect the tulips have on her. She likes being in the hospital, she likes the fact that in the hospital she is away from the world, she is secluded and has no worries; I am nobody; I have nothing to do with explosions. In the hospital no one bothers her The nurses pass they are no trouble. In the hospital she has shed all her responsibility and all the worries of the outside world, in there she has lost her identity. Like Emily Dickinson she cannot bear the energy and liveliness of the outside world. She is comforted by the fact that now unlike any other time instead of interacting with other people all she does is observe everyone else, she is reduced to just being an eye; They have propped my head between the pillow and the sheet-cuff. However even though she has been reduced to this state of near death it still is not good enough Stupid Pupil, it has to take everything in This also shows she is angry at being alive. She has lost all sense of being a person. She does not have to worry about the unpredictability of life. She is happy with being like this, she likes the calm and tranquillity of the hospital I am learning peacefulness, lying by myself quietly This word learning this suggest a gradual process of learning how to be totally independent and totally self-centred. The hospital to her unlike the outside world is a soothing environment where no one disturbs her and she is totally alone. My body is a pebble to them, they tend it as water tends to the pebbles it must run over, smoothing them gently again confirming her like for the hospital and the soothing tranquillity of the environment and the fact she is totally self contained. The other side to the poem is the effect that the tulips have on her. The tulips are symbolic of her family and the outside world and the strains it places upon her. She does not like the tulips to her they are everything that places responsibility on her, she says they weigh her down and hurt her. She claims that they are breathing her air, again more imagery of restriction and the fact that these tulips make her life harder. The tulips are described as being too red, again expressing Plaths dislike for the tulips. Red is also a very harsh colour on the eyes, which again may suggest that these tulips are making her feel uncomfortable much like the outside world. The tulips are said to appear to float but really weigh her down like her children. Plath says that she is sick of baggage again expressing feeling of her dislike for the outside world. This is backed up by lines such as their smiles catch onto my skin little smiling hooks which suggest that her family never leave her alone and never let go of her. Also in this poem imagery of cargo boats is used to express her feeling of being weighed down by the responsibility of the outside world, a thirty year old cargo boat stubbornly hanging onto my name and address which conveys thoughts of dislike for herself, family and her lifestyle. In the last line Plath implies that she knows she is mentally unstable and she is has a problem, comes from a country far away as health. In the poem Mirror Plath expresses her feeling of dislike of society or maybe men. Another poem that is written in the same style, as this one is Funeral by Emily Dickinson in which depression is described as being like a long draw out funeral. The mirror describes itself as being precise and prefect, I am Silver and exact it also claims to not be judgemental I have no preconceptions and unmisted by love or dislike. The mirror says whatever I see I swallow immediately which suggests it is absorbing and consuming everything. The mirrors attitude may represent the arrogances that men and society posses. The mirror really thinks it is very important, the eye of a little god suggesting that it is holds power over us. The mirror also makes a comment about how the wall is a part of its heart as the wall is perfect and faultless, unlike humans who separate us over and over this suggest he prefers looking at the wall. However this shows the mirror to be a hypocrite as it is judging people it is being bias and passing judgement even though it claims not to. This is another similarity between the mirror, men and society. In this part of the poem Plath uses balanced calculated lines to add to the mirrors sense of confidence. In the second stanza the object of the poem turns from a mirror into a lake. A lake unlike a mirror distorts images and is not as clear. The women looking into this lake is said to be searching my reaches for what she really is suggesting she would rather look at what she would look like rather than what she really looks like hence why she might be looking in a lake. Then she turns back to those liars, the candles and the moon. More imagery of distortion as moonlight and candlelight both change a persons image and that person look better. Showing that this woman does not want to see the reality of her looks. The mirror then exclaims that she rewards me with tears and agitation of hands. This illustrates that the woman does not like her own image as she is distressed by it. But it also shows that the mirror enjoys he r distress rewards me and therefore is being cruel and hypocritical again like men and society. The mirror then says I am important to her showing its arrogance and the woman obsession with self image. In the last two lines the mirror says In me she has drowned a young girl, and in me an old woman rises towards her day after day, like a terrible fish this is the biggest illustration of the mirrors hypocrisy in the poem, describing her ugly and old. This is the first case of enjambment in the poem showing emotion in a way and again making the mirror imperfect. The rest of the poem has end-stopped lines; this gives a very matter of fact tone. The poem is about the obsession with image and how much we rely on our looks in todays society, therefore making the mirror almost indispensable to us. Another poem by Sylvia Plath that uses an extended metaphor is mushrooms. In this poem mushrooms seem to represent the quiet people that just keep themselves to themselves and get on with life. Mushrooms themselves are very insignificant organisms but they are very successful and can live and survive in all sorts of environments. The poem starts of peacefully Overnight, very whitely, discreetly, very quietly conveying a passive, quiet atmosphere. Our toes, our noses take hold on the loam, acquire the air the mushroom are getting what they want but not by force or violence, they are gradually pulling themselves up. Nobody sees us, stops us, betrays us; the small grains may room. They are starting to sound much more powerful, they are just going unnoticed but they are still achieving what they want to achieve. This stanza re-enforces the idea of the mushrooms being passive The small grains make room there is no violence described here so it suggests that others get out the way on their own accord, they is not forceful persuasion involved. In the next stanza there is more emphasis on power without violence shown by the oxymoron soft fists insist on. There is no need to force or threaten they get what they want anyway. This stanza also illustrates the fact that they move everything in their path out of the way heaving the needles this also shows strength. In the next stanza the sense of unity is brought in once again Our hammers, our rams which makes them even stronger as they are all working together to achieve the one common goal. They are silent but deadly they get exactly what they want. This sense of unity and strength by numbers is brought up later in the poem by the exclamation So many of us! So many of us! which also suggests excitement and power, it increases the tone of aggression. The use of two exclamation marks and the repetition makes it sound like an aggressive, sinister chant. Later in the poem the mushrooms convey the fact that they are not needy and they do not need to rely on others, they are givers not takers Diet on water, on crumbs of shadow not asking for anything more asking for little or nothing. In the next stanza the mushrooms display their usefulness and their passiveness we are shelves, we are tables, we are meek, we are edible, These are objects that make life a lot easy. These are objects, which we rely on so much, but go unacknowledged. In the Last two stanzas the tone becomes more aggressive and harsher, nudgers and shovers this shows that some force has to be used but not a lot. Our kind Multiples: We Shall by morning Inherit the earth. Our foots in the door. This illustrates unity, hidden power and strength. The last two lines are very matter of fact end stopped lines there is no disputing what they are saying. It is very short, sharp, harsh and very sinister and the mushrooms or quiet people believe it is right. The mushrooms could also represent minority groups or women. The tone of the poem becomes more aggressive throughout. When deployed, extended metaphors can powerfully convey emotions in an emblematic way. They are used to dramatise and sensationalise things to add to the atmosphere of the poem, demonstrated especially in Mushrooms. Plath uses extended metaphors well, to express feelings of inferiority and depression. Both Tulips and Funeral by Emily Dickinson turn beautiful and radiant things such as flowers into something distressing and suicidal the tulips are too red and she dared not meet the daffodils. It is interesting to note that Plath criticises the tulips for being too red, Dickinson is afraid to go near the beautiful and perfect daffodils as they magnify her imperfections. Extended metaphors are one of the only literary techniques that make the poem extensively open to interpretation, thus, broadening the significance of the poem and powerfully put across feelings, making this technique remarkably effectual and assertive.

Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Proposal - Essay Example een remained at high levels in UK and this is an issue that should be taken into consideration by the country’s politicians when designing and applied relevant schemes on the particular regions; the needs of the specific areas for further development should be also highlighted and sufficient funds would be released by the governmental and non-governmental organizations; in any case, such an investment would have the prospects to achieve a significant performance – in accordance with the growth of shipping and tourism industry in Britain and the performance of ports (even of the minor ones) across the country. Current research focuses on the potential of growing of minor ports in the UK and the examination of the current and future situation of ports in the above country. Apart from the above issues, a series of additional themes will be also developed in current research (in accordance with their relevance with the main issue under examination): a) role of ports in the development of Britain through the years, b) industrial areas that are depended on the operation of ports, c) cost of maintenance of ports across the country (at an average level), d) evaluation of the importance of ports in UK for the local economy, e) position of Britain in the international market (regarding the performance of its ports) – a comparison with other countries that are also heavily based on ports is also possible. The research methodology employed in this research will be mainly a secondary one. In other words, no interviews or surveys will be conducted; rather all necessary data and info will be gathered from relevant databases (referring to books, journals and websites). In any case statistical data published by governmental and non-governmental organizations will be used and analysed in this study trying to emphasizing on the importance of ports for the development of local and national economy. The reference to similar studies conducted by other researchers would be also

Fashion Videos Aesthetics Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fashion Videos Aesthetics Analysis - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Videos Aesthetics Analysis" provides a review of two films of fashion. A three point effect has been used in most of the close ups to create a low key effect which in turn produces an effect of depth and intensity while at the same time eliminating shadows. A good example of this is the close of of the woman’s face. Different camera movements are also used to create effects of proximity or distance as well as illusions of speed and movement, sudden zooming creates an effect of intensity and this is used to make the character appear as such. Overhead shots are also employed through and a man is seen from high up a camera rapidly descends, possibly from a crane and it shows him standing and this emphasizes his isolation creating a somber and thoughtful mood. The quick movement of the camera from right to left just as the driver in the car spins the wheel is also used to create a superficial effect of a sudden turn while the close front view of the vehicle crea tes an impression of great speed as well as accentuating the beautiful effect created by the splashing water. Continuity or eyeliner matching is achieved with smooth perfection when the male character is pictured staring intensely to his front and the next shot directly shifts to what he had been staring at which was the woman. Another continuity techniques used is the match in action, throughout the film; the same song is playing continuously without a pause or variation except those that are part of the music itself. However the events in the film are not continuous and there are many and often sudden shift in screen for instance some are shot indoors while other are shot outdoors in the city and even in the beach. The continuity of the music however gives the impression that all the action is not only related but actually follows each other, in a sort of artificial chronology which allows a blend of virtually unrelated events presented after each other to somehow blend and make s ense. Film 2 Kenzo Resort 2013?s Electric Jungle video is an animated and powerful look book that is designed to put the viewer through a range of amazing sensory experiences by combining different aspects of lighting, music and artistic designs. The video is appropriately named electric jungle because it creates that effect by combining a range of animal collages as well as African inspired print all played to the highly pulsating background electro music. The film’s director wanted to animate the illustrative world that could only exist in the imagination and to achieve this he had to create a surreal sort of alternative universe ins which the jungle patens mixed and alternated with the real world moving in and out. The film has a dream like quality as is evidence in the blending of the models the background and the clothes as they seem to move in synch at some points and at others interweave such that the background animal patterns take over the modes face. The models and animals appearing on the stage are in form of clear and sharp images which have either been taken with backlight or the shadows were eliminated in the editing with this clarity making the merging of radically different images more abrupt and noticeable. Through the pictorial collage, the director is able to match and include a variety of animal themed patterns from elephant, zebra and leopard among others, in addition,